The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, in French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is a Paris-based international economic organisation of 30 countries. Most OECD members are high-income economies with a high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries.
2011년 1월 14일 금요일
Obesity and the Economics of Prevention: Fit not Fat - Korea Key Facts
A. ADULTS
1. Obesity rates in Korea are among the lowest in the OECD, but have been increasing steadily. About 4% of the adult population is obese in Korea, and about 30% are overweight (including obese). OECD projections indicate that overweight rates will increase by a further 5% within ten years.
Past and projected overweight rates
Underlying data and charts for all the graphics below are also available in Excel
2. Large socio-economic disparities in obesity exist in women in Korea. Women with poor education are 5 times more likely than more educated women to be overweight. Virtually no disparities exist between men of different educational levels.
Relative Index of Inequality in Overweight by Education level
B. CHILDREN
3. Child obesity rates are relatively high in Korea, especially in boys. OECD projections show a likely slight decrease of overweight and a stabilisation of child obesity over the next 10 years.
Past and projected rates of child obesity and overweight, age 3-17, in Korea
4. Children with obese parents are far more likely to be obese themselves. Boys are about 3 times more likely to be obese, and girls are almost 6 times more likely, if they have at least one obese parent.
Odds ratios of child obesity by parents' obesity status in Korea
5. Socio-economic disparities in obesity are not apparent in children. Contrary to most OECD countries, boys in the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups are less likely to be obese than children in higher socio-economic groups.
Social disparities in child obesity in Korea
Note: SEC: Socio-economic condition.
1. Obesity rates in Korea are among the lowest in the OECD, but have been increasing steadily. About 4% of the adult population is obese in Korea, and about 30% are overweight (including obese). OECD projections indicate that overweight rates will increase by a further 5% within ten years.
Past and projected overweight rates
Underlying data and charts for all the graphics below are also available in Excel
2. Large socio-economic disparities in obesity exist in women in Korea. Women with poor education are 5 times more likely than more educated women to be overweight. Virtually no disparities exist between men of different educational levels.
Relative Index of Inequality in Overweight by Education level
B. CHILDREN
3. Child obesity rates are relatively high in Korea, especially in boys. OECD projections show a likely slight decrease of overweight and a stabilisation of child obesity over the next 10 years.
Past and projected rates of child obesity and overweight, age 3-17, in Korea
4. Children with obese parents are far more likely to be obese themselves. Boys are about 3 times more likely to be obese, and girls are almost 6 times more likely, if they have at least one obese parent.
Odds ratios of child obesity by parents' obesity status in Korea
5. Socio-economic disparities in obesity are not apparent in children. Contrary to most OECD countries, boys in the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups are less likely to be obese than children in higher socio-economic groups.
Social disparities in child obesity in Korea
Note: SEC: Socio-economic condition.
2010년 12월 24일 금요일
Economic Survey of Korea 2010
The next Economic Survey of Korea will be prepared for 2012.
An Economic Survey is published every 1½-2 years for each OECD country. Read more about how Surveys are prepared.
An Overview (pdf format) of the Economic survey of Korea is available here. It contains the Summary, the OECD assessment and recommendations and the chapter summaries as reproduced below:
A Korean version of the Overview is also available.
An Economic Survey is published every 1½-2 years for each OECD country. Read more about how Surveys are prepared.
An Overview (pdf format) of the Economic survey of Korea is available here. It contains the Summary, the OECD assessment and recommendations and the chapter summaries as reproduced below:
A Korean version of the Overview is also available.
Chapter 1: Sustaining the recovery from the global financial crisis by promoting Korea’s medium-term growth potential
Chapter 1: Sustaining the recovery from the global financial crisis by promoting Korea’s medium-term growth potential
Korea has achieved one of the strongest recoveries among OECD countries from the 2008 global recession, led by its robust export performance and the largest fiscal stimulus among member countries. The expansion is projected to continue through 2011 as the positive impact from external demand spreads further to the domestic economy. Sustaining high growth over the medium term requires narrowing the large labour productivity gap with more advanced OECD economies through reforms, particularly in services, where productivity is low. The priority is to strengthen competition by eliminating domestic entry barriers, accelerating regulatory reform, upgrading competition policy and reducing barriers to trade and inflows of foreign direct investment. Such measures should be accompanied by reforms to reduce labour market dualism, which has negative consequences for growth and equity. In addition, it is important to increase labour force participation, notably among women and older persons, not least to mitigate the impact of population.
Korea has achieved one of the strongest recoveries among OECD countries from the 2008 global recession, led by its robust export performance and the largest fiscal stimulus among member countries. The expansion is projected to continue through 2011 as the positive impact from external demand spreads further to the domestic economy. Sustaining high growth over the medium term requires narrowing the large labour productivity gap with more advanced OECD economies through reforms, particularly in services, where productivity is low. The priority is to strengthen competition by eliminating domestic entry barriers, accelerating regulatory reform, upgrading competition policy and reducing barriers to trade and inflows of foreign direct investment. Such measures should be accompanied by reforms to reduce labour market dualism, which has negative consequences for growth and equity. In addition, it is important to increase labour force participation, notably among women and older persons, not least to mitigate the impact of population.
Chapter 2: Macroeconomic policy: the exit from fiscal and monetary stimulus
Chapter 2: Macroeconomic policy: the exit from fiscal and monetary stimulus
Korea’s strong recovery from the global financial crisis stems in part from an effective macroeconomic policy response. The prompt withdrawal of fiscal stimulus in 2010 will help meet the medium-term fiscal plan for reducing budget deficits. Given the increase in government spending in the past, making the targets in the plan more binding is important to help achieve the fiscal target. In addition, the broadening of tax bases would be beneficial in this regard. While such policies would help limit government debt, it is also necessary to contain the rapidly rising debt of public corporations, in part by further progress in the 2008 privatisation programme. Monetary stimulus has also supported the recovery. Given the expected strength of output growth in 2010, it is important that the Bank of Korea not fall behind the curve in withdrawing monetary stimulus. Korea should continue its flexible exchange rate policy.
Korea’s strong recovery from the global financial crisis stems in part from an effective macroeconomic policy response. The prompt withdrawal of fiscal stimulus in 2010 will help meet the medium-term fiscal plan for reducing budget deficits. Given the increase in government spending in the past, making the targets in the plan more binding is important to help achieve the fiscal target. In addition, the broadening of tax bases would be beneficial in this regard. While such policies would help limit government debt, it is also necessary to contain the rapidly rising debt of public corporations, in part by further progress in the 2008 privatisation programme. Monetary stimulus has also supported the recovery. Given the expected strength of output growth in 2010, it is important that the Bank of Korea not fall behind the curve in withdrawing monetary stimulus. Korea should continue its flexible exchange rate policy.
Chapter 3: The Korean financial system: overcoming the global financial crisis and addressing remaining problems
Chapter 3: The Korean financial system: overcoming the global financial crisis and addressing remaining problems
The intensification of the global financial crisis in late 2008 led to large capital outflows from Korea and turmoil in its capital markets. However, the prompt response by the government and the central bank stabilised Korea’s financial sector in early 2009 and recovery followed relatively quickly. In contrast to 1997, financial institutions have overcome the crisis without significant damage. Increased assistance for small and medium-sized enterprises has played a large role in overcoming the crisis, but should be scaled back to avoid supporting non-viable firms and to expand banks’ capacity for risk appraisal, leading to a more market-oriented financial system. As a small open economy, Korea also needs to reduce its vulnerability to sudden capital outflows. In addition, it is important to use prudential regulations effectively to limit the risk of mortgage lending, upgrade the corporate governance of financial institutions and develop securitisation by ensuring transparency
The intensification of the global financial crisis in late 2008 led to large capital outflows from Korea and turmoil in its capital markets. However, the prompt response by the government and the central bank stabilised Korea’s financial sector in early 2009 and recovery followed relatively quickly. In contrast to 1997, financial institutions have overcome the crisis without significant damage. Increased assistance for small and medium-sized enterprises has played a large role in overcoming the crisis, but should be scaled back to avoid supporting non-viable firms and to expand banks’ capacity for risk appraisal, leading to a more market-oriented financial system. As a small open economy, Korea also needs to reduce its vulnerability to sudden capital outflows. In addition, it is important to use prudential regulations effectively to limit the risk of mortgage lending, upgrade the corporate governance of financial institutions and develop securitisation by ensuring transparency
Chapter 4: Health-care reform in Korea
Chapter 4: Health-care reform in Korea
Korea’s health-care system has contributed to the marked improvement in health conditions, while limiting spending to one of the lowest levels in the OECD through high patient co-payments and limited coverage of public health insurance. However, spending is now increasing at the fastest rate in the OECD. With continued upward pressure, not least from rapid population ageing, it is essential to boost efficiency by reforming the payment system, reducing drug expenditures, shifting long-term care out of hospitals, promoting healthy ageing and introducing gatekeepers. As the heavy reliance on social insurance payments for health will be an increasing drag on employment as the population ages, it is necessary to raise the share of tax-based financing in conjunction with effective measures to keep spending in check. Measures to ensure adequate access for low-income households are a priority given the high out-of-pocket payments. Quality should be improved by enhancing transparency, promoting restructuring in the hospital sector and expanding the number of doctors.
Additional reading: Health Care Reform in Korea or 한국의 보건의료개혁, Economics Department Working Paper No. 797
Korea’s health-care system has contributed to the marked improvement in health conditions, while limiting spending to one of the lowest levels in the OECD through high patient co-payments and limited coverage of public health insurance. However, spending is now increasing at the fastest rate in the OECD. With continued upward pressure, not least from rapid population ageing, it is essential to boost efficiency by reforming the payment system, reducing drug expenditures, shifting long-term care out of hospitals, promoting healthy ageing and introducing gatekeepers. As the heavy reliance on social insurance payments for health will be an increasing drag on employment as the population ages, it is necessary to raise the share of tax-based financing in conjunction with effective measures to keep spending in check. Measures to ensure adequate access for low-income households are a priority given the high out-of-pocket payments. Quality should be improved by enhancing transparency, promoting restructuring in the hospital sector and expanding the number of doctors.
Additional reading: Health Care Reform in Korea or 한국의 보건의료개혁, Economics Department Working Paper No. 797
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