The next Economic Survey of Korea will be prepared for 2012.
An Economic Survey is published every 1½-2 years for each OECD country. Read more about how Surveys are prepared.
An Overview (pdf format) of the Economic survey of Korea is available here. It contains the Summary, the OECD assessment and recommendations and the chapter summaries as reproduced below:
A Korean version of the Overview is also available.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, in French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is a Paris-based international economic organisation of 30 countries. Most OECD members are high-income economies with a high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries.
2010년 12월 24일 금요일
Chapter 1: Sustaining the recovery from the global financial crisis by promoting Korea’s medium-term growth potential
Chapter 1: Sustaining the recovery from the global financial crisis by promoting Korea’s medium-term growth potential
Korea has achieved one of the strongest recoveries among OECD countries from the 2008 global recession, led by its robust export performance and the largest fiscal stimulus among member countries. The expansion is projected to continue through 2011 as the positive impact from external demand spreads further to the domestic economy. Sustaining high growth over the medium term requires narrowing the large labour productivity gap with more advanced OECD economies through reforms, particularly in services, where productivity is low. The priority is to strengthen competition by eliminating domestic entry barriers, accelerating regulatory reform, upgrading competition policy and reducing barriers to trade and inflows of foreign direct investment. Such measures should be accompanied by reforms to reduce labour market dualism, which has negative consequences for growth and equity. In addition, it is important to increase labour force participation, notably among women and older persons, not least to mitigate the impact of population.
Korea has achieved one of the strongest recoveries among OECD countries from the 2008 global recession, led by its robust export performance and the largest fiscal stimulus among member countries. The expansion is projected to continue through 2011 as the positive impact from external demand spreads further to the domestic economy. Sustaining high growth over the medium term requires narrowing the large labour productivity gap with more advanced OECD economies through reforms, particularly in services, where productivity is low. The priority is to strengthen competition by eliminating domestic entry barriers, accelerating regulatory reform, upgrading competition policy and reducing barriers to trade and inflows of foreign direct investment. Such measures should be accompanied by reforms to reduce labour market dualism, which has negative consequences for growth and equity. In addition, it is important to increase labour force participation, notably among women and older persons, not least to mitigate the impact of population.
Chapter 2: Macroeconomic policy: the exit from fiscal and monetary stimulus
Chapter 2: Macroeconomic policy: the exit from fiscal and monetary stimulus
Korea’s strong recovery from the global financial crisis stems in part from an effective macroeconomic policy response. The prompt withdrawal of fiscal stimulus in 2010 will help meet the medium-term fiscal plan for reducing budget deficits. Given the increase in government spending in the past, making the targets in the plan more binding is important to help achieve the fiscal target. In addition, the broadening of tax bases would be beneficial in this regard. While such policies would help limit government debt, it is also necessary to contain the rapidly rising debt of public corporations, in part by further progress in the 2008 privatisation programme. Monetary stimulus has also supported the recovery. Given the expected strength of output growth in 2010, it is important that the Bank of Korea not fall behind the curve in withdrawing monetary stimulus. Korea should continue its flexible exchange rate policy.
Korea’s strong recovery from the global financial crisis stems in part from an effective macroeconomic policy response. The prompt withdrawal of fiscal stimulus in 2010 will help meet the medium-term fiscal plan for reducing budget deficits. Given the increase in government spending in the past, making the targets in the plan more binding is important to help achieve the fiscal target. In addition, the broadening of tax bases would be beneficial in this regard. While such policies would help limit government debt, it is also necessary to contain the rapidly rising debt of public corporations, in part by further progress in the 2008 privatisation programme. Monetary stimulus has also supported the recovery. Given the expected strength of output growth in 2010, it is important that the Bank of Korea not fall behind the curve in withdrawing monetary stimulus. Korea should continue its flexible exchange rate policy.
Chapter 3: The Korean financial system: overcoming the global financial crisis and addressing remaining problems
Chapter 3: The Korean financial system: overcoming the global financial crisis and addressing remaining problems
The intensification of the global financial crisis in late 2008 led to large capital outflows from Korea and turmoil in its capital markets. However, the prompt response by the government and the central bank stabilised Korea’s financial sector in early 2009 and recovery followed relatively quickly. In contrast to 1997, financial institutions have overcome the crisis without significant damage. Increased assistance for small and medium-sized enterprises has played a large role in overcoming the crisis, but should be scaled back to avoid supporting non-viable firms and to expand banks’ capacity for risk appraisal, leading to a more market-oriented financial system. As a small open economy, Korea also needs to reduce its vulnerability to sudden capital outflows. In addition, it is important to use prudential regulations effectively to limit the risk of mortgage lending, upgrade the corporate governance of financial institutions and develop securitisation by ensuring transparency
The intensification of the global financial crisis in late 2008 led to large capital outflows from Korea and turmoil in its capital markets. However, the prompt response by the government and the central bank stabilised Korea’s financial sector in early 2009 and recovery followed relatively quickly. In contrast to 1997, financial institutions have overcome the crisis without significant damage. Increased assistance for small and medium-sized enterprises has played a large role in overcoming the crisis, but should be scaled back to avoid supporting non-viable firms and to expand banks’ capacity for risk appraisal, leading to a more market-oriented financial system. As a small open economy, Korea also needs to reduce its vulnerability to sudden capital outflows. In addition, it is important to use prudential regulations effectively to limit the risk of mortgage lending, upgrade the corporate governance of financial institutions and develop securitisation by ensuring transparency
Chapter 4: Health-care reform in Korea
Chapter 4: Health-care reform in Korea
Korea’s health-care system has contributed to the marked improvement in health conditions, while limiting spending to one of the lowest levels in the OECD through high patient co-payments and limited coverage of public health insurance. However, spending is now increasing at the fastest rate in the OECD. With continued upward pressure, not least from rapid population ageing, it is essential to boost efficiency by reforming the payment system, reducing drug expenditures, shifting long-term care out of hospitals, promoting healthy ageing and introducing gatekeepers. As the heavy reliance on social insurance payments for health will be an increasing drag on employment as the population ages, it is necessary to raise the share of tax-based financing in conjunction with effective measures to keep spending in check. Measures to ensure adequate access for low-income households are a priority given the high out-of-pocket payments. Quality should be improved by enhancing transparency, promoting restructuring in the hospital sector and expanding the number of doctors.
Additional reading: Health Care Reform in Korea or 한국의 보건의료개혁, Economics Department Working Paper No. 797
Korea’s health-care system has contributed to the marked improvement in health conditions, while limiting spending to one of the lowest levels in the OECD through high patient co-payments and limited coverage of public health insurance. However, spending is now increasing at the fastest rate in the OECD. With continued upward pressure, not least from rapid population ageing, it is essential to boost efficiency by reforming the payment system, reducing drug expenditures, shifting long-term care out of hospitals, promoting healthy ageing and introducing gatekeepers. As the heavy reliance on social insurance payments for health will be an increasing drag on employment as the population ages, it is necessary to raise the share of tax-based financing in conjunction with effective measures to keep spending in check. Measures to ensure adequate access for low-income households are a priority given the high out-of-pocket payments. Quality should be improved by enhancing transparency, promoting restructuring in the hospital sector and expanding the number of doctors.
Additional reading: Health Care Reform in Korea or 한국의 보건의료개혁, Economics Department Working Paper No. 797
Chapter 5: Korea’s green growth strategy: mitigating climate change and developing new growth engines
Chapter 5: Korea’s green growth strategy: mitigating climate change and developing new growth engines
Korea’s greenhouse gas emissions almost doubled between 1990 and 2005, the highest growth rate in the OECD area. Korea recently set a target of reducing emissions by 30% by 2020 relative to a “business as usual” baseline, implying a 4% cut from the 2005 level. Achieving this objective in a cost-effective manner requires moving from a strategy based on voluntary commitments by firms to market-based instruments. The priority is to establish a comprehensive cap-and-trade scheme, supplemented, if necessary, by carbon taxes in areas not covered by trading. Achieving a significant cut in emissions requires a shift from energy-intensive industries to low-carbon ones. Korea is strongly committed to promoting green growth through its Five-Year Plan, which envisages spending 2% of GDP per year through 2013. One challenge is to ensure that these expenditures are efficiently targeted so as to develop green technologies, while avoiding the risks inherent in industrial policy.
Korea’s greenhouse gas emissions almost doubled between 1990 and 2005, the highest growth rate in the OECD area. Korea recently set a target of reducing emissions by 30% by 2020 relative to a “business as usual” baseline, implying a 4% cut from the 2005 level. Achieving this objective in a cost-effective manner requires moving from a strategy based on voluntary commitments by firms to market-based instruments. The priority is to establish a comprehensive cap-and-trade scheme, supplemented, if necessary, by carbon taxes in areas not covered by trading. Achieving a significant cut in emissions requires a shift from energy-intensive industries to low-carbon ones. Korea is strongly committed to promoting green growth through its Five-Year Plan, which envisages spending 2% of GDP per year through 2013. One challenge is to ensure that these expenditures are efficiently targeted so as to develop green technologies, while avoiding the risks inherent in industrial policy.
2010년 6월 15일 화요일
OECD Korea Economic Report 2010 released today from 5.8 percent this year, South Korea's economic growth is expected to show such a quick recovery and ...
OECD Korea Economic Report 2010 released today from 5.8 percent this year, South Korea's economic growth is expected to show such a quick recovery and ...
Lee Myung-bak government's push for bigger banks Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to "burn pot" phenomenon is concerned to appear "serious moral hazard," warned the recall. The OECD also concerned about rising inflation and raise interest rates The Bank of Korea said.
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that Korea's economic expansion is expected to continue until next year through fiscal stimulus package should start to stop and urged the normalization of interest rates. The OECD and the government's foreign currency rating to positive measures to regulate liquidity and to increase oversight of foreign bank branches in order.
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has 15 days to Korea's economic growth, labor markets and sustainable health care system needed reform proposals must be made. OECD governments, especially the ambitious plan to promote the advancement of the health sector should be pursued actively carried power.
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that "South Korea's benchmark rate is now going to start the normalization point," the advisory said the operation had an exit strategy. The OECD released 15 days 'Korea Economic Report (Korea Economic Survey)', as the two said. Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has extended the age of South Korea lead the economy by 2011, officials said. The interest rates begin to normalize the economy's sustainable growth and competitiveness in order to service the urgent advice.
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and 5.8 percent economic growth this year to South Korea next year, predicts 4.7%, respectively. South Korea sustainable medium term growth and improved living standards in order to offset the aging population and increasing the labor participation rate to increase labor productivity lies said. Due to Korea's strong economic recovery, interest rates should go to `normalize 'Hannah 15 one said. 4% annual growth rate of expenditure at the level of the surge suppression, and to manage the public debt in order.
"Central banks led by the private sector is expected to lead to faster growth than the expected inflation rate in the current 3 percent level to normalize interest rates definitely have to start to stabilize," he urged.
Korea economic report one year and a half ago when compared to reports from the strong economic recovery of the macro-economic sector has been a change in policy recommendations. 2010, Korea Economic Report of the core labor flexibility and productivity-enhancing, the power of the financial sector reform and soaring health care costs is preparing for.
Lee Myung-bak government's push for bigger banks Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to "burn pot" phenomenon is concerned to appear "serious moral hazard," warned the recall. The OECD also concerned about rising inflation and raise interest rates The Bank of Korea said.
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that Korea's economic expansion is expected to continue until next year through fiscal stimulus package should start to stop and urged the normalization of interest rates. The OECD and the government's foreign currency rating to positive measures to regulate liquidity and to increase oversight of foreign bank branches in order.
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has 15 days to Korea's economic growth, labor markets and sustainable health care system needed reform proposals must be made. OECD governments, especially the ambitious plan to promote the advancement of the health sector should be pursued actively carried power.
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that "South Korea's benchmark rate is now going to start the normalization point," the advisory said the operation had an exit strategy. The OECD released 15 days 'Korea Economic Report (Korea Economic Survey)', as the two said. Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has extended the age of South Korea lead the economy by 2011, officials said. The interest rates begin to normalize the economy's sustainable growth and competitiveness in order to service the urgent advice.
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and 5.8 percent economic growth this year to South Korea next year, predicts 4.7%, respectively. South Korea sustainable medium term growth and improved living standards in order to offset the aging population and increasing the labor participation rate to increase labor productivity lies said. Due to Korea's strong economic recovery, interest rates should go to `normalize 'Hannah 15 one said. 4% annual growth rate of expenditure at the level of the surge suppression, and to manage the public debt in order.
"Central banks led by the private sector is expected to lead to faster growth than the expected inflation rate in the current 3 percent level to normalize interest rates definitely have to start to stabilize," he urged.
Korea economic report one year and a half ago when compared to reports from the strong economic recovery of the macro-economic sector has been a change in policy recommendations. 2010, Korea Economic Report of the core labor flexibility and productivity-enhancing, the power of the financial sector reform and soaring health care costs is preparing for.
2010년 5월 30일 일요일
Korea - Economic Outlook 87 Country Summary
Korea has achieved one of the strongest recoveries among OECD countries, led by exports and expansionary fiscal policy. While the fiscal stimulus has been reversed, buoyant exports are projected to help boost output growth to 5¾ per cent in 2010, leading to a marked decline in unemployment.
With the recovery on track, the authorities should focus on achieving the deficit-reduction target in the medium term fiscal plan, while the central bank should begin to withdraw monetary stimulus. Expanded assistance to small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) to overcome the crisis should be phased out, in part to avoid supporting non-viable firms. Structural reforms to enhance productivity, particularly in services, are needed to sustain growth over the medium term.
With the recovery on track, the authorities should focus on achieving the deficit-reduction target in the medium term fiscal plan, while the central bank should begin to withdraw monetary stimulus. Expanded assistance to small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) to overcome the crisis should be phased out, in part to avoid supporting non-viable firms. Structural reforms to enhance productivity, particularly in services, are needed to sustain growth over the medium term.
2010년 5월 27일 목요일
The Korean G-20 leadership: Assessing the key issues for 2010 - New sources of sustainable and balanced growth
Remarks by Angel Gurría, OECD Secretary-General
Seoul, 17 November 2009
Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen:
A year ago the global economy was on the brink. Today, thanks to massive macroeconomic support and swift actions to stabilise financial markets a recovery is now underway. Avoiding the worst outcome required courage and leadership at the national level. But it also required increased cooperation in the international context and the emergence of the G20 as a premier forum for economic discussions and action.
These are good news for the world economy. Having been one of the founders of the G20 more than ten years ago, I believe this is the right setting to discuss global issues. The fact that Korea will be chairing the next Summit is a great source of confidence. Former Korean Prime Minister Han Chaired the 2009 Ministerial Meeting of the OECD. We enjoyed working with such a committed and well organised team and reached meaningful outcomes. Under the Korean leadership, we launched our Green Growth Strategy, which aims to achieve a sustainable recovery based on a low carbon economy. It can surely become one of the pillars of a robust G20 agenda.
But before getting into Green Growth, let me start by sharing with you the OECD outlook and the challenges forward.
Current situation and the way forward
Indeed, the worst scenarios were avoided with determined actions and international cooperation. The world economy is starting to rebound and most OECD economies (Korea included) are starting to leave the crisis behind. But we are not yet out of the woods, and exit strategies should only be implemented once the recovery has taken strong hold.
However, we need to start planning for the world “after the crisis”. This is not going to be easy. Economic conditions will be tight, particularly with worrisome fiscal positions in almost all countries and high unemployment.
Unemployment is indeed the worst problem we are confronting. It is the human face of the crisis. Only in the OECD area, more than 13 million jobs have disappeared since the beginning of 2008, and the number continues to rise. Output may be permanently lower by some 4 per cent for the average OECD country as a result of the crisis. We need to get these jobs back and to restore sustainable and balanced growth!
1. The G20 Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth
This goal will require much more than the usual national economic policies to support the recovery. We should be looking for new sources of growth and new sources of job creation, such as innovation and green growth. But we are also talking about a paradigm shift; a new approach to economic co-operation.
This is a challenging task, but it is possible, provided we get the right policies in place, and by working together to assess how macroeconomic and structural policies are collectively consistent with sustainable and balanced trajectories of growth. That is the vision which G20 leaders in Pittsburgh shared when they launched the Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth. It is an enlightened initiative and, if successful, a clear contribution of the G20 to the world economy.
2. The OECD and the G20: A decade old relationship
The OECD was asked by the G20 to support this endeavour at its St Andrews meeting earlier this month. We will, of course. In fact, we will continue to support the G20, as we have done since its inception. Our substantive contributions so far include work on bribery; on export credits; on the design of fiscal stimulus to cushion the economic downturn; on international trade and investment; on taxes; on labour issues; on innovation and on phasing-out fossil fuel subsidies to mention just a few. We also work on the employment area, and the recent OECD Labour Ministerial meeting in late September was mentioned in the Pittsburgh communiqué as one of the important steps towards the G20 Labour Ministerial next spring.
Our joint OECD-IEA analysis on the removal of fossil fuel subsidies, for example, showed that such a measure could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 10 per cent by the middle of the century compared to business-as-usual. It would also increase overall economic efficiency and free up budgetary resources to target them more directly to the neediest.
Based on work carried out by the OECD and the Global Tax Forum, the era of bank secrecy is now coming to an end! Since the G20 Leaders Summit in November 2008, unprecedented progress has been made to tackle practices that facilitate cross-border tax evasion, one of the darker sides of globalisation. We have established a broader Global Tax Forum and close to 100 Tax Information Exchange Agreements have been signed so far. This giant leap forward in combating tax evasion will help to raise the integrity and legitimacy of market outcomes, which this crisis has severely undermined.
However, the work is far from over. Thus, we will continue with our contributions on these and other important areas where the G20 has tasked the OECD, and we are collaborating with the IMF, the World Bank, the FSB, the WTO, the ILO and others to maximise the collective impact of international organisations’ contributions. I have already proposed that we create a coordination and communication mechanism “the Observatory for Policy Coherence” to better serve the G20 members. We are also intensifying our co-operation with non-OECD G20 countries. Currently, we work with 20 out of the 23 participating countries of the G20, plus the European Union.
3. The OECD and the G20: Strengthening the relationship
What cocktail of strategy, policies and framework conditions will enable economies to harness new sources of economic growth, prevent environmental degradation and enhance the quality of life? An initial step in this agenda is to identify the most promising areas to promote sustainable and balanced growth. In the remainder of my intervention I would like to suggest two such sources: innovation and green growth.
Fostering Innovation
Let’s start with innovation – the introduction of a new or significantly improved product, process or method – as it will be one of the keys to accelerating recovery and putting countries back on a path to sustainable and “smarter” growth.
At the OECD we have done empirical work on the links between innovation and growth. Our evidence shows that the benefits of strong innovation policies are high. Using R&D as a proxy for innovation, we found that an increase in business R&D intensity of 0.1 percentage points would raise GDP per working age person by 1.2 percentage points. This result suggests that if the intensity of business R&D in the average OECD country were raised to the same level as in the US, GDP per capita could be almost 10 per cent higher. That’s more than double our estimate of the loss in potential output as a result of the crisis.
Innovation not only contributes to growth. It is also key to addressing global challenges. Urgent issues, such as climate change, health, food security and poverty depend on stronger innovation and new forms of international cooperation. Yet, many countries have barely begun to tap the potential of innovation to bolster economic prosperity and well-being.
Obviously, innovation is not only about more R & D and not something governments can decree. Nurturing innovation is a challenging task for governments. Having a few targeted policies to boost this or that sector, this or that “champion” will not do the trick. Success in innovation requires a systemic approach. At the OECD we think there are many drivers of innovation. There are also many little-noticed impediments to innovation, and removing these may do more good than promoting headline-grabbing schemes.
There are also key channels and structural policies that have a positive impact on innovation performance. We can show that policies that involve ICT, human capital and entrepreneurship, alongside policies to mobilise labour and increase investment are likely to bear the most fruit over the longer term. But the development of innovation policies needs to be supported by conducive framework conditions: sound macroeconomic policy, competitive markets, sound regulations, openness to international trade and FDI, a supportive tax climate and a healthy financial system. Governments play an important role in creating these conditions.
We also know that the challenges for innovation policy differ across countries, and that policy advice needs to be tailored to the specific needs of each country.
Over the coming year, we will continue our work on innovation to identify the specific policies, frameworks and governance mechanisms that can accelerate scientific and technological progress and diffuse innovation as widely as possible. After these years of work, in June 2010 we will deliver the final report of our Innovation Strategy, a mandate from our 2007 Ministerial Council Meeting. This topic is well suited for the G20 agenda, as the global debate moves from the immediacy of the response to the crisis, to forward looking policies for a balanced and sustainable growth.
Green Growth
Turning now to green growth.
Green growth has emerged as a strategic priority for countries worldwide, putting forward a new paradigm that would enable economic growth and development, prevent environmental degradation and enhance quality of life.
Green growth is about promoting economic growth and development while reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, promoting the efficient use of natural resources, and maintaining biodiversity. It means making investments in the environment a driver for growth and development. We are convinced that the conversion of our economies into low carbon economies can be an important source of growth and employment. The OECD was mandated to develop a Green Growth Strategy to help governments identify the policies, the incentives and the frameworks that can achieve clean, resource efficient, low carbon economic growth and development.
Achieving the objectives of green growth will require a broad and flexible mix of instruments that cut across several policy areas (e.g. investment, taxes, innovation, technology, trade, employment and education), and applied in a way that ensures coherence and avoids costly overlaps.
Countries will need structural reforms to achieve green growth. Green tax reforms and price based approaches -- such as carbon taxes, auctioned permits in cap and trade schemes as well as the removal of harmful fossil fuel subsidies, are one element of necessary policy reforms. Taxes and auctioned permits can also help to bring in revenues to invest in energy efficiency to offset reductions in other taxes or to contribute to fiscal consolidation.
Carbon taxes are also under consideration or planned in many countries as well as other environmentally-related taxes. It is also encouraging to see many governments placing “green” investments at the heart of their own crisis-response strategies, as well as looking at the international co-operation needed for green investments globally.
Tackling climate change is a fundamental part of achieving green growth. And financing the fight against climate change will be a key element of a successful commitment in Copenhagen. The OECD has built up considerable experience in this area. We are examining how to scale-up public and private financing flows, as well as working on robust and transparent measurement, reporting and verification systems for finance that will be needed to ensure accountability.
The Development Assistance Committee at the OECD has been tracking bilateral aid flows for climate change mitigation for over a decade, and will initiate the same monitoring for adaptation.
Ladies and gentlemen:
The global economy is on the threshold of a major transformation. G20 leaders have fully committed to supporting new sources of balanced and sustainable growth. No single country or group of countries will succeed on their own; this is a task where we all have to join forces. And though governments must lead the way, they need the support of international organisations and professional groupings like the IIF and of civil society representatives.
The OECD is ready to support this endeavour. Our strong track record of evidence-based analysis and policy advice, and the wealth of information and knowledge accumulated over many decades are at the full disposal of all G20 governments. Only together can we rise to the challenge and tap the sources of a stronger, cleaner and fairer world economy of tomorrow.
Thank you for your attention.
Seoul, 17 November 2009
Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen:
A year ago the global economy was on the brink. Today, thanks to massive macroeconomic support and swift actions to stabilise financial markets a recovery is now underway. Avoiding the worst outcome required courage and leadership at the national level. But it also required increased cooperation in the international context and the emergence of the G20 as a premier forum for economic discussions and action.
These are good news for the world economy. Having been one of the founders of the G20 more than ten years ago, I believe this is the right setting to discuss global issues. The fact that Korea will be chairing the next Summit is a great source of confidence. Former Korean Prime Minister Han Chaired the 2009 Ministerial Meeting of the OECD. We enjoyed working with such a committed and well organised team and reached meaningful outcomes. Under the Korean leadership, we launched our Green Growth Strategy, which aims to achieve a sustainable recovery based on a low carbon economy. It can surely become one of the pillars of a robust G20 agenda.
But before getting into Green Growth, let me start by sharing with you the OECD outlook and the challenges forward.
Current situation and the way forward
Indeed, the worst scenarios were avoided with determined actions and international cooperation. The world economy is starting to rebound and most OECD economies (Korea included) are starting to leave the crisis behind. But we are not yet out of the woods, and exit strategies should only be implemented once the recovery has taken strong hold.
However, we need to start planning for the world “after the crisis”. This is not going to be easy. Economic conditions will be tight, particularly with worrisome fiscal positions in almost all countries and high unemployment.
Unemployment is indeed the worst problem we are confronting. It is the human face of the crisis. Only in the OECD area, more than 13 million jobs have disappeared since the beginning of 2008, and the number continues to rise. Output may be permanently lower by some 4 per cent for the average OECD country as a result of the crisis. We need to get these jobs back and to restore sustainable and balanced growth!
1. The G20 Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth
This goal will require much more than the usual national economic policies to support the recovery. We should be looking for new sources of growth and new sources of job creation, such as innovation and green growth. But we are also talking about a paradigm shift; a new approach to economic co-operation.
This is a challenging task, but it is possible, provided we get the right policies in place, and by working together to assess how macroeconomic and structural policies are collectively consistent with sustainable and balanced trajectories of growth. That is the vision which G20 leaders in Pittsburgh shared when they launched the Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth. It is an enlightened initiative and, if successful, a clear contribution of the G20 to the world economy.
2. The OECD and the G20: A decade old relationship
The OECD was asked by the G20 to support this endeavour at its St Andrews meeting earlier this month. We will, of course. In fact, we will continue to support the G20, as we have done since its inception. Our substantive contributions so far include work on bribery; on export credits; on the design of fiscal stimulus to cushion the economic downturn; on international trade and investment; on taxes; on labour issues; on innovation and on phasing-out fossil fuel subsidies to mention just a few. We also work on the employment area, and the recent OECD Labour Ministerial meeting in late September was mentioned in the Pittsburgh communiqué as one of the important steps towards the G20 Labour Ministerial next spring.
Our joint OECD-IEA analysis on the removal of fossil fuel subsidies, for example, showed that such a measure could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 10 per cent by the middle of the century compared to business-as-usual. It would also increase overall economic efficiency and free up budgetary resources to target them more directly to the neediest.
Based on work carried out by the OECD and the Global Tax Forum, the era of bank secrecy is now coming to an end! Since the G20 Leaders Summit in November 2008, unprecedented progress has been made to tackle practices that facilitate cross-border tax evasion, one of the darker sides of globalisation. We have established a broader Global Tax Forum and close to 100 Tax Information Exchange Agreements have been signed so far. This giant leap forward in combating tax evasion will help to raise the integrity and legitimacy of market outcomes, which this crisis has severely undermined.
However, the work is far from over. Thus, we will continue with our contributions on these and other important areas where the G20 has tasked the OECD, and we are collaborating with the IMF, the World Bank, the FSB, the WTO, the ILO and others to maximise the collective impact of international organisations’ contributions. I have already proposed that we create a coordination and communication mechanism “the Observatory for Policy Coherence” to better serve the G20 members. We are also intensifying our co-operation with non-OECD G20 countries. Currently, we work with 20 out of the 23 participating countries of the G20, plus the European Union.
3. The OECD and the G20: Strengthening the relationship
What cocktail of strategy, policies and framework conditions will enable economies to harness new sources of economic growth, prevent environmental degradation and enhance the quality of life? An initial step in this agenda is to identify the most promising areas to promote sustainable and balanced growth. In the remainder of my intervention I would like to suggest two such sources: innovation and green growth.
Fostering Innovation
Let’s start with innovation – the introduction of a new or significantly improved product, process or method – as it will be one of the keys to accelerating recovery and putting countries back on a path to sustainable and “smarter” growth.
At the OECD we have done empirical work on the links between innovation and growth. Our evidence shows that the benefits of strong innovation policies are high. Using R&D as a proxy for innovation, we found that an increase in business R&D intensity of 0.1 percentage points would raise GDP per working age person by 1.2 percentage points. This result suggests that if the intensity of business R&D in the average OECD country were raised to the same level as in the US, GDP per capita could be almost 10 per cent higher. That’s more than double our estimate of the loss in potential output as a result of the crisis.
Innovation not only contributes to growth. It is also key to addressing global challenges. Urgent issues, such as climate change, health, food security and poverty depend on stronger innovation and new forms of international cooperation. Yet, many countries have barely begun to tap the potential of innovation to bolster economic prosperity and well-being.
Obviously, innovation is not only about more R & D and not something governments can decree. Nurturing innovation is a challenging task for governments. Having a few targeted policies to boost this or that sector, this or that “champion” will not do the trick. Success in innovation requires a systemic approach. At the OECD we think there are many drivers of innovation. There are also many little-noticed impediments to innovation, and removing these may do more good than promoting headline-grabbing schemes.
There are also key channels and structural policies that have a positive impact on innovation performance. We can show that policies that involve ICT, human capital and entrepreneurship, alongside policies to mobilise labour and increase investment are likely to bear the most fruit over the longer term. But the development of innovation policies needs to be supported by conducive framework conditions: sound macroeconomic policy, competitive markets, sound regulations, openness to international trade and FDI, a supportive tax climate and a healthy financial system. Governments play an important role in creating these conditions.
We also know that the challenges for innovation policy differ across countries, and that policy advice needs to be tailored to the specific needs of each country.
Over the coming year, we will continue our work on innovation to identify the specific policies, frameworks and governance mechanisms that can accelerate scientific and technological progress and diffuse innovation as widely as possible. After these years of work, in June 2010 we will deliver the final report of our Innovation Strategy, a mandate from our 2007 Ministerial Council Meeting. This topic is well suited for the G20 agenda, as the global debate moves from the immediacy of the response to the crisis, to forward looking policies for a balanced and sustainable growth.
Green Growth
Turning now to green growth.
Green growth has emerged as a strategic priority for countries worldwide, putting forward a new paradigm that would enable economic growth and development, prevent environmental degradation and enhance quality of life.
Green growth is about promoting economic growth and development while reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, promoting the efficient use of natural resources, and maintaining biodiversity. It means making investments in the environment a driver for growth and development. We are convinced that the conversion of our economies into low carbon economies can be an important source of growth and employment. The OECD was mandated to develop a Green Growth Strategy to help governments identify the policies, the incentives and the frameworks that can achieve clean, resource efficient, low carbon economic growth and development.
Achieving the objectives of green growth will require a broad and flexible mix of instruments that cut across several policy areas (e.g. investment, taxes, innovation, technology, trade, employment and education), and applied in a way that ensures coherence and avoids costly overlaps.
Countries will need structural reforms to achieve green growth. Green tax reforms and price based approaches -- such as carbon taxes, auctioned permits in cap and trade schemes as well as the removal of harmful fossil fuel subsidies, are one element of necessary policy reforms. Taxes and auctioned permits can also help to bring in revenues to invest in energy efficiency to offset reductions in other taxes or to contribute to fiscal consolidation.
Carbon taxes are also under consideration or planned in many countries as well as other environmentally-related taxes. It is also encouraging to see many governments placing “green” investments at the heart of their own crisis-response strategies, as well as looking at the international co-operation needed for green investments globally.
Tackling climate change is a fundamental part of achieving green growth. And financing the fight against climate change will be a key element of a successful commitment in Copenhagen. The OECD has built up considerable experience in this area. We are examining how to scale-up public and private financing flows, as well as working on robust and transparent measurement, reporting and verification systems for finance that will be needed to ensure accountability.
The Development Assistance Committee at the OECD has been tracking bilateral aid flows for climate change mitigation for over a decade, and will initiate the same monitoring for adaptation.
Ladies and gentlemen:
The global economy is on the threshold of a major transformation. G20 leaders have fully committed to supporting new sources of balanced and sustainable growth. No single country or group of countries will succeed on their own; this is a task where we all have to join forces. And though governments must lead the way, they need the support of international organisations and professional groupings like the IIF and of civil society representatives.
The OECD is ready to support this endeavour. Our strong track record of evidence-based analysis and policy advice, and the wealth of information and knowledge accumulated over many decades are at the full disposal of all G20 governments. Only together can we rise to the challenge and tap the sources of a stronger, cleaner and fairer world economy of tomorrow.
Thank you for your attention.
Working hours of laborers in Korea Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 30 member countries were among the top level.
Working hours of laborers in Korea Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 30 member countries were among the top level.
Of Koreans 'quality of life,' the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD on average not much noticed. OECD Statistical Yearbook 2010 'look at our country's national suicide rate per 100,000 people 21.5 11.7 people greatly exceeded the OECD average was recorded.
Country's economic, financial, education, science and technology level Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries is good, but compared to the average quality of life, environment, etc. were found to fall. About the financial health, spending on education than average, high, but fertility levels, health spending, etc. turned out to be low.
Naratbit country the size of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) average of 1.3 on the statistics suggests ceases. Fiscal balance (revenues and expenditures throughout the government have identified all of the results) of gross domestic product (GDP) compared to 3.3% -3.5% appears to have good records than other countries.
GDP per capita of a country (GDP) as a $ 27,658 increase from about $ 1,000 more than last year according to the survey. Real GDP growth 0.6% 2.2% more than the OECD average of 3.7 times as higher.
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country in the percentage of the population aged 65 or older in 2050 was expected to rise to 38.2 percent. The level of economic development compared to the quality of life is still far inferior compared to developed countries, respectively.
In 2008, Korea's fertility rate up to 1.19 reduces the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries showed the lowest level. OECD average of 0.52 people less fortunate than 1.71. 2050 aging faster rate than the age of 65 will take about 40% of the total population also was expected.
Of Koreans 'quality of life,' the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD on average not much noticed. OECD Statistical Yearbook 2010 'look at our country's national suicide rate per 100,000 people 21.5 11.7 people greatly exceeded the OECD average was recorded.
Country's economic, financial, education, science and technology level Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries is good, but compared to the average quality of life, environment, etc. were found to fall. About the financial health, spending on education than average, high, but fertility levels, health spending, etc. turned out to be low.
Naratbit country the size of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) average of 1.3 on the statistics suggests ceases. Fiscal balance (revenues and expenditures throughout the government have identified all of the results) of gross domestic product (GDP) compared to 3.3% -3.5% appears to have good records than other countries.
GDP per capita of a country (GDP) as a $ 27,658 increase from about $ 1,000 more than last year according to the survey. Real GDP growth 0.6% 2.2% more than the OECD average of 3.7 times as higher.
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country in the percentage of the population aged 65 or older in 2050 was expected to rise to 38.2 percent. The level of economic development compared to the quality of life is still far inferior compared to developed countries, respectively.
2010년 3월 10일 수요일
Visiting the OECD
Who visits the OECD?
The Public Affairs Division organises group visits to the OECD Headquarters in Paris for business leaders, trade union representatives, parliamentarians, academics, journalists, university students and other groups, upon request. The OECD welcomes around 3000 visitors each year. Student groups are accepted only from upper university levels, and students must have a good knowledge of one of the OECD areas of activity. We are unable to organise individual visits.
What is a typical visit?
Visits vary in time limit, number of participants and type of visit. However, they can usually accommodate a minimum of 10, and up to 100 participants, depending on room availability. A typical visit lasts from 2 to 3 hours and is conducted in one of the two official languages of the OECD, French or English. It begins with an introduction to the OECD. Then, one or several members of the Secretariat brief the visitors on the particular topics of interest to them. A member of the relevant Delegation to the OECD is usually involved in the visit. Each presentation lasts about 45 minutes (including a question and answer period). Participants receive documentation and other relevant background information on the OECD.
Every visit is unique and is organised to suit the needs and interests of the particular group. The Visits Programme tries to provide the most appropriate speakers, drawn from the many facets of OECD work -- economics, education, science, environment, governance, employment, technology, to mention only a few.
How to organise a visit?
Due to limited availability of meeting rooms, it is important to send in requests for visits at least two months before the desired date of the visit.
Requests should include the following information: preferred date and time of visit to the OECD; number of participants and their names; topics of interest; mention of previous visits; special requests.
Visits to the OECD are free of charge.
Who to contact?
Requests can be made by letter or e-mail to:
Linda Aidan
OECD Visits Co-ordinator
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Public Affairs Division
Visits Programme
2 rue André-Pascal
75775 Paris CEDEX 16
FRANCE
E-mail: Linda.Aidan@oecd.org
The Public Affairs Division organises group visits to the OECD Headquarters in Paris for business leaders, trade union representatives, parliamentarians, academics, journalists, university students and other groups, upon request. The OECD welcomes around 3000 visitors each year. Student groups are accepted only from upper university levels, and students must have a good knowledge of one of the OECD areas of activity. We are unable to organise individual visits.
What is a typical visit?
Visits vary in time limit, number of participants and type of visit. However, they can usually accommodate a minimum of 10, and up to 100 participants, depending on room availability. A typical visit lasts from 2 to 3 hours and is conducted in one of the two official languages of the OECD, French or English. It begins with an introduction to the OECD. Then, one or several members of the Secretariat brief the visitors on the particular topics of interest to them. A member of the relevant Delegation to the OECD is usually involved in the visit. Each presentation lasts about 45 minutes (including a question and answer period). Participants receive documentation and other relevant background information on the OECD.
Every visit is unique and is organised to suit the needs and interests of the particular group. The Visits Programme tries to provide the most appropriate speakers, drawn from the many facets of OECD work -- economics, education, science, environment, governance, employment, technology, to mention only a few.
How to organise a visit?
Due to limited availability of meeting rooms, it is important to send in requests for visits at least two months before the desired date of the visit.
Requests should include the following information: preferred date and time of visit to the OECD; number of participants and their names; topics of interest; mention of previous visits; special requests.
Visits to the OECD are free of charge.
Who to contact?
Requests can be made by letter or e-mail to:
Linda Aidan
OECD Visits Co-ordinator
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Public Affairs Division
Visits Programme
2 rue André-Pascal
75775 Paris CEDEX 16
FRANCE
E-mail: Linda.Aidan@oecd.org
Topics
Topics
The OECD works on global issues in the following areas:
Economy
Competition
Agriculture
Economics and Growth Enterprise, Industry and Services
Regional, Rural and Urban Development
Trade
Society
Education
Employment
Social and Welfare Issues
Health
Migration
Development
Development Issues
Finance
Financial
Markets
Insurance and Pensions
Investment
Tax
Governance
Corporate Governance
Fighting Corruption
Public Governance and Management
Regulatory Reform
Innovation
Biotechnology
Information and Communication Technologies
Science and Innovation
Sustainability
Fisheries
Energy
Environment
Sustainable Development
Looking for something more specific? Try our A to Z Index: an alphabetical list of topics, resources, key documents and publications.
The OECD works on global issues in the following areas:
Economy
Competition
Agriculture
Economics and Growth Enterprise, Industry and Services
Regional, Rural and Urban Development
Trade
Society
Education
Employment
Social and Welfare Issues
Health
Migration
Development
Development Issues
Finance
Financial
Markets
Insurance and Pensions
Investment
Tax
Governance
Corporate Governance
Fighting Corruption
Public Governance and Management
Regulatory Reform
Innovation
Biotechnology
Information and Communication Technologies
Science and Innovation
Sustainability
Fisheries
Energy
Environment
Sustainable Development
Looking for something more specific? Try our A to Z Index: an alphabetical list of topics, resources, key documents and publications.
The Commission of the European Community takes part in the work of the OECD.
Accession candidate countries
Chile
Estonia
Israel
Russia
Slovenia
Enhanced engagement countries
Brazil
China
India
Indonesia
South Africa
Non-Member Economies
Chile
Estonia
Israel
Russia
Slovenia
Enhanced engagement countries
Brazil
China
India
Indonesia
South Africa
Non-Member Economies
How to obtain this publication
How to obtain this publication
SourceOECD for subscribing institutions and many libraries
OECD Online Bookshop for non-subscribers
Government officials with accounts (subscribe) can go to the "Books" tab on OLIS
Accredited journalists (password required)
For further reading, and background to this current edition, see the Going for growth homepage: www.oecd.org/economics/goingforgrowth
SourceOECD for subscribing institutions and many libraries
OECD Online Bookshop for non-subscribers
Government officials with accounts (subscribe) can go to the "Books" tab on OLIS
Accredited journalists (password required)
For further reading, and background to this current edition, see the Going for growth homepage: www.oecd.org/economics/goingforgrowth
What we do and how
What we do and how
OECD uses its wealth of information on a broad range of topics to help governments foster prosperity and fight poverty through economic growth and financial stability. We help ensure the environmental implications of economic and social development are taken into account.
OECD's work is based on continued monitoring of events in member countries as well as outside OECD area, and includes regular projections of short and medium-term economic developments. The OECD Secretariat collects and analyses data, after which committees discuss policy regarding this information, the Council makes decisions, and then governments implement recommendations.
Peer reviews
Mutual examination by governments, multilateral surveillance and a peer review process through which the performance of individual countries is monitored by their peers, all carried out at committee-level, are at the heart of our effectiveness. An example of the peer review process at work is to be found in the Working Group on Bribery, which monitors the implementation by signatory countries of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Officials in International Business Transactions.
Agreements, standards and recommendations
Discussions at OECD committee-level sometimes evolve into negotiations where OECD countries agree on rules of the game for international co-operation. They can culminate in formal agreements by countries, for example on combating bribery, on arrangements for export credits, or on the treatment of capital movements. They may produce standards and models, for example in the application of bilateral treaties on taxation, or recommendations, for example on cross-border co-operation in enforcing laws against spam. They may also result in guidelines, for example on corporate governance or environmental practices. More on OECD decisions, recommendations and other instruments in force.
Publications
OECD publications are a prime vehicle for disseminating the Organisation's intellectual output. OECD publishes regular outlooks, annual overviews and comparative statistics. Among them:
OECD Economic Outlook assesses prospects for member and major non-member economies.
OECD Factbook is a key reference tool for everyone working on economic and policy issues.
OECD Economic surveys provide individual national analyses and policy recommendations.
Going for Growth presents comparative indicators and evaluations of national performance.
OECD uses its wealth of information on a broad range of topics to help governments foster prosperity and fight poverty through economic growth and financial stability. We help ensure the environmental implications of economic and social development are taken into account.
OECD's work is based on continued monitoring of events in member countries as well as outside OECD area, and includes regular projections of short and medium-term economic developments. The OECD Secretariat collects and analyses data, after which committees discuss policy regarding this information, the Council makes decisions, and then governments implement recommendations.
Peer reviews
Mutual examination by governments, multilateral surveillance and a peer review process through which the performance of individual countries is monitored by their peers, all carried out at committee-level, are at the heart of our effectiveness. An example of the peer review process at work is to be found in the Working Group on Bribery, which monitors the implementation by signatory countries of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Officials in International Business Transactions.
Agreements, standards and recommendations
Discussions at OECD committee-level sometimes evolve into negotiations where OECD countries agree on rules of the game for international co-operation. They can culminate in formal agreements by countries, for example on combating bribery, on arrangements for export credits, or on the treatment of capital movements. They may produce standards and models, for example in the application of bilateral treaties on taxation, or recommendations, for example on cross-border co-operation in enforcing laws against spam. They may also result in guidelines, for example on corporate governance or environmental practices. More on OECD decisions, recommendations and other instruments in force.
Publications
OECD publications are a prime vehicle for disseminating the Organisation's intellectual output. OECD publishes regular outlooks, annual overviews and comparative statistics. Among them:
OECD Economic Outlook assesses prospects for member and major non-member economies.
OECD Factbook is a key reference tool for everyone working on economic and policy issues.
OECD Economic surveys provide individual national analyses and policy recommendations.
Going for Growth presents comparative indicators and evaluations of national performance.
Who does what
Who does what
The Council
Decision-making power is vested in the OECD Council. It is made up of one representative per member country, plus a representative of the European Commission.
The Council meets regularly at the level of permanent representatives to OECD and decisions are taken by consensus. The Council meets at ministerial level once a year to discuss key issues and set priorities for OECD work. The work mandated by the Council is carried out by the OECD Secretariat.
Committees
Representatives of the 30 OECD member countries meet in specialised committees to advance ideas and review progress in specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education or financial markets.
There are about 250 committees, working groups and expert groups. Some 40 000 senior officials from national administrations go to OECD committee meetings each year to request, review and contribute to work undertaken by the OECD Secretariat. Once they return home, they have online access to documents and can exchange information through a special network.
OECD Secretariat
Angel Gurría heads the OECD Secretariat and is assisted by one or more Deputy Secretaries-General. Mr Gurría also chairs the Council, providing the link between national delegations and the Secretariat.
The Secretariat in Paris is made up of some 2 500 staff who support the activities of committees, and carry out the work in response to priorities decided by the OECD Council. The staff includes economists, lawyers, scientists and other professionals. Most staff members are based in Paris but some work at OECD centres in other countries.
The Council
Decision-making power is vested in the OECD Council. It is made up of one representative per member country, plus a representative of the European Commission.
The Council meets regularly at the level of permanent representatives to OECD and decisions are taken by consensus. The Council meets at ministerial level once a year to discuss key issues and set priorities for OECD work. The work mandated by the Council is carried out by the OECD Secretariat.
Committees
Representatives of the 30 OECD member countries meet in specialised committees to advance ideas and review progress in specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education or financial markets.
There are about 250 committees, working groups and expert groups. Some 40 000 senior officials from national administrations go to OECD committee meetings each year to request, review and contribute to work undertaken by the OECD Secretariat. Once they return home, they have online access to documents and can exchange information through a special network.
OECD Secretariat
Angel Gurría heads the OECD Secretariat and is assisted by one or more Deputy Secretaries-General. Mr Gurría also chairs the Council, providing the link between national delegations and the Secretariat.
The Secretariat in Paris is made up of some 2 500 staff who support the activities of committees, and carry out the work in response to priorities decided by the OECD Council. The staff includes economists, lawyers, scientists and other professionals. Most staff members are based in Paris but some work at OECD centres in other countries.
History
History
Origins
The forerunner of OECD was the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC). OEEC was formed in 1947 to administer American and Canadian aid under the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. Its headquarters were established at the Château de la Muette in Paris in 1949.
OECD took over from OEEC in 1961. Since then, its mission has been to help its member countries to achieve sustainable economic growth and employment and to raise the standard of living in member countries while maintaining financial stability – all this in order to contribute to the development of the world economy.
Its founding Convention also calls on it to assist sound economic expansion in other countries and to contribute to growth in world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis.
Evolution
In order to contribute to the development of the world economy, OECD’s focus has progressively broadened to include a growing number of other countries, in addition to its 30 members. It now shares its expertise and accumulated experience with more than 70 developing and emerging market economies.
What next
In a rapidly-changing globalised economy, OECD is changing too. The Organisation is reforming its management and addressing such issues as burden-sharing in the context of the OECD budget, rules on decision-making and how to respond to changes in the global economic environment by enlarging its membership.
It has also renovated its Paris headquarters and built a new conference centre. All these efforts are directed towards making OECD a more effective instrument of international co-operation.
Origins
The forerunner of OECD was the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC). OEEC was formed in 1947 to administer American and Canadian aid under the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. Its headquarters were established at the Château de la Muette in Paris in 1949.
OECD took over from OEEC in 1961. Since then, its mission has been to help its member countries to achieve sustainable economic growth and employment and to raise the standard of living in member countries while maintaining financial stability – all this in order to contribute to the development of the world economy.
Its founding Convention also calls on it to assist sound economic expansion in other countries and to contribute to growth in world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis.
Evolution
In order to contribute to the development of the world economy, OECD’s focus has progressively broadened to include a growing number of other countries, in addition to its 30 members. It now shares its expertise and accumulated experience with more than 70 developing and emerging market economies.
What next
In a rapidly-changing globalised economy, OECD is changing too. The Organisation is reforming its management and addressing such issues as burden-sharing in the context of the OECD budget, rules on decision-making and how to respond to changes in the global economic environment by enlarging its membership.
It has also renovated its Paris headquarters and built a new conference centre. All these efforts are directed towards making OECD a more effective instrument of international co-operation.
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OECDdirect / MonOCDE (French)
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MyOECD:
Tailor the Web site to list only the topics that interest you. Select your preferred themes, and the next time you login to MyOECD, your personal home page will present the news and events and documentation strictly related to the themes you selected.
OECDdirect:
A free and time-saving e-mail alert service. Once you've selected the themes that interest you, choose to receive personalised e-mails announcing new publications, statistics updates and free newsletters related to your topics of interest.
How do I register?
To register, first sign up to MyOECD/OECDdirect (top right-hand corner of most pages) and follow the online instructions. Select the themes that interest you, then choose from the related book/CD-Rom subject areas, periodical titles, online statistical databases and free newsletters available. Once you have registered, you'll start to receive e-mails from OECDdirect only in the areas you have chosen.
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short, concise messages so we don't waste your time
hyperlinks mean that more information is just a click away
changing address? new interests? just come back to our site and make changes in your own time
share announcements with your colleagues to help keep your team up to date with the latest information
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WTO NEWS
WTO-OECD-UNCTAD: No “significant intensification of trade or investment restriction” but G20 must “remain vigilant”
The latest report by the WTO, OECD and UNCTAD on G20 trade and investment measures, submitted on 8 March 2010, said that high unemployment rates and uncertainties on global growth point to the need for G20 governments “to remain vigilant in opposing protectionism”. The three agencies urged the G20 leaders to undertake “a clear and stronger commitment to open markets and make concrete their many calls to bring the Doha Round to a rapid conclusion”. At a time when governments are constrained in offering further fiscal or monetary stimulus, open trade can give the global economy a much-needed lift and provide valuable opportunities for job creation.
The latest report by the WTO, OECD and UNCTAD on G20 trade and investment measures, submitted on 8 March 2010, said that high unemployment rates and uncertainties on global growth point to the need for G20 governments “to remain vigilant in opposing protectionism”. The three agencies urged the G20 leaders to undertake “a clear and stronger commitment to open markets and make concrete their many calls to bring the Doha Round to a rapid conclusion”. At a time when governments are constrained in offering further fiscal or monetary stimulus, open trade can give the global economy a much-needed lift and provide valuable opportunities for job creation.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is irregular in Korea is relatively insufficient level of protection and high barriers to
South Korea's level of legal protection for full-time for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, while the average higher than the average level of protection for irregular workers has been rated as low.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is irregular in Korea is relatively insufficient level of protection and high barriers to professional services said 10 days. Korea's OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries compared to the average doctor and lawyer accountants profession too high for entry level, according to regulations.
Product market regulations, and professional services for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) showed higher than average.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that Korea's economy compared to the medium wage is lower than the OECD average level of the minimum wage, he said. Korea's irregular level of legal protection for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has been rated as lower than average.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) level of protection for irregular workers in the country and restrictions on services, etc. However, Korea's gotta be better communication and regulation of distribution is lower than the OECD average for the professional services sector that the OECD Economic Regulations Cooperation and Development average of 10 days higher than the `OECD Structural Reform Evaluation Report for the OECD countries through a global crisis that pushed for policies" protecting trade, distorting the labor market and Korea's economy continued to grow for the long-term financial regulatory reform and labor market and product market competition to promote structural reform, support for agriculture, foreign investment for 'OECD Structural Reform Evaluation Report was released.
Every year since 2005 in the OECD countries have the necessary structural reforms and the policy recommendations regarding the odd and even-numbered year to evaluate the performance of the transition in the report said.
According to the Korea market report, the product (Product market) restrictions on the recent improvements, but was still higher than the OECD average. The division comes to government regulation but in 2008 was lower than the OECD average gaeseondwae.
In 2007 and 2009, the OECD recommended the deregulation of the telecommunications sector, the government broadcasting. Telecommunications equipment in the field of independent directors established by the Korea Communications Commission, and satellite broadcasting foreign ownership limit for 33-49% to the expanded regulatory level, lower than the OECD average.
Professional services regulated according to the OECD average higher than other countries. Over the years, the mainstay of the government to the advancement of professional rarely been progress in this area can not do it for a lower rating will be shown.
OECD countries in the next financial crystallized at a healthy long-term growth needed to promote structural reform policies were recommended.
Spending on education and health sectors to improve efficiency, rather than income tax, property tax adjustments through the growth-friendly reforms is desirable that.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is irregular in Korea is relatively insufficient level of protection and high barriers to professional services said 10 days. Korea's OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries compared to the average doctor and lawyer accountants profession too high for entry level, according to regulations.
Product market regulations, and professional services for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) showed higher than average.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that Korea's economy compared to the medium wage is lower than the OECD average level of the minimum wage, he said. Korea's irregular level of legal protection for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has been rated as lower than average.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) level of protection for irregular workers in the country and restrictions on services, etc. However, Korea's gotta be better communication and regulation of distribution is lower than the OECD average for the professional services sector that the OECD Economic Regulations Cooperation and Development average of 10 days higher than the `OECD Structural Reform Evaluation Report for the OECD countries through a global crisis that pushed for policies" protecting trade, distorting the labor market and Korea's economy continued to grow for the long-term financial regulatory reform and labor market and product market competition to promote structural reform, support for agriculture, foreign investment for 'OECD Structural Reform Evaluation Report was released.
Every year since 2005 in the OECD countries have the necessary structural reforms and the policy recommendations regarding the odd and even-numbered year to evaluate the performance of the transition in the report said.
According to the Korea market report, the product (Product market) restrictions on the recent improvements, but was still higher than the OECD average. The division comes to government regulation but in 2008 was lower than the OECD average gaeseondwae.
In 2007 and 2009, the OECD recommended the deregulation of the telecommunications sector, the government broadcasting. Telecommunications equipment in the field of independent directors established by the Korea Communications Commission, and satellite broadcasting foreign ownership limit for 33-49% to the expanded regulatory level, lower than the OECD average.
Professional services regulated according to the OECD average higher than other countries. Over the years, the mainstay of the government to the advancement of professional rarely been progress in this area can not do it for a lower rating will be shown.
OECD countries in the next financial crystallized at a healthy long-term growth needed to promote structural reform policies were recommended.
Spending on education and health sectors to improve efficiency, rather than income tax, property tax adjustments through the growth-friendly reforms is desirable that.
2010년 3월 8일 월요일
APEC 이란
의 미
APEC은 아시아ㆍ태평양 경제협력체(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation : APEC)라는 뜻으로 자발적 협력(voluntarism)의 정신을 바탕으로 회원국간의 경제적 사회적 문화적 이질성을 극복하고, 역내 지속적 경제성장에 기여함으로써 주민들의 복리후생 증진과 궁극적으로는 아시아ㆍ태평양 공동체 수립의 토대를 마련하는데 목적을 두고 있습니다.
APEC은 역내의 안정과 번영의 달성을 위해 역내ㆍ세계 경제의 도전에 공동으로 대응하고, 역내 재화ㆍ용역ㆍ자본의 이동을 촉진하기 위한 무역ㆍ투자 장애 제거하는 일 등을 추진하고 있습니다.
특 징
1. 아ㆍ태 경제공동체의 점진적 달성 추구
장기적으로는 역내 무역ㆍ투자 자유화의 실현을 목표로 하며, 중ㆍ단기적으로는 무역활성화 조치와 함께 경제ㆍ기술분야의 협력증진을 추구합니다. 이를 통해 점진적으로 동아시아와 미주를 잇는 경제공동체를 달성하는데 목적이 있습니다.
2. 개방적 지역주의(Open Regionalism) 표방
아ㆍ태지역 내 무역자유화를 추진하되, 역외국에 대한 배타적인 지역주의는 지양하고자 합니다. 이에 APEC 역내 자유화 조치의 혜택을 역외국에 대해서도 상호주의에 입각하여 부여하고 있습니다.
3. 진화적 과정(Evolving Process)
창설 당시 아ㆍ태 협력의 기본원칙에 대해서만 합의한 뒤, 향후 운용해 나가는 과정에서 필요에 따라 탄력적으로 제도를 마련하고 기구를 확대해가고 있습니다.
4. 전원합의체(consensus)에 입각한 의사결정 과정
APEC 회원국들은 GDP 규모 및 경제구조, 역사ㆍ문화 등에 있어 여타 지역보다 많은 다양성을 보유하고 있기 때문에 APEC은 역내 각국들이 가지고 있는 다양성을 인정하는 토대 위에서 협력을 추구합니다. 이를 위해 전원합의체(consensus)에 의거한 의사결정 원칙을 이행하고 있습니다.
출범배경
1. 냉전체제가 종식되면서 세계질서는 경제적 이해관계를 중심으로 재편되는 과정에서 범세계주의(globalism)와 지역주의(regionalism)의 현상이 가장 두드러지게 발생하였습니다.
2. 특히 유럽연합(EU), 북미자유무역협정(NAFTA) 등 유럽과 북미의 지역주의의 심화현상이 가속화되면서 이러한 지역주의 협력체에 대응하고자 동아시아 지역을 포함하는 지역주의의 움직임이 시작되었습니다.
3. 태평양지역 경제협력을 위한 민간기구들의 노력이 계속되는 한편, 이러한 민간기구들의 한계를 극복하고 보다 실질적인 역내 경제협력을 도모하기 위해 정부간 경제협력기구를 구성하게 되었습니다.
4. APEC은 1989년 11월 호주 캔버라에서 아ㆍ태지역의 지속적인 경제성장과 공동의 번영을 위한 협의체로 출범하였고, 1993년 11월 시애틀에서 제1차 정상회의를 개최하게 되었습니다.
회원국 현황
회원국 : 총 21개국
시 기 가 입 국
창설(’89.11) 한국, 미국, 일본, 캐나다, 호주, 뉴질랜드, 아세안 6개국(태국, 말레이지아,
인도네시아, 싱가포르, 필리핀, 브루나이) : 12개국
제3차 각료회의(’91.11) 중국, 대만, 홍콩 : 3개국
제5차 각료회의(’93.11) 멕시코, 파푸아뉴기니(PNG) : 2개국
제6차 각료회의(’94.11) 칠레 : 1개국
제7차 각료회의(’98.11) 러시아, 베트남, 페루 : 3개국
※ 1997년 정상회의에서 향후 10년간(2007년 까지) 신규 회원국 가입 잠정 중단(Moratorium) 결정
※ 2007년 정상회의에서 2010년까지 신규 회원국 가입 잠정 중단(Moratorium) 추가 연장 합의
APEC은 아시아ㆍ태평양 경제협력체(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation : APEC)라는 뜻으로 자발적 협력(voluntarism)의 정신을 바탕으로 회원국간의 경제적 사회적 문화적 이질성을 극복하고, 역내 지속적 경제성장에 기여함으로써 주민들의 복리후생 증진과 궁극적으로는 아시아ㆍ태평양 공동체 수립의 토대를 마련하는데 목적을 두고 있습니다.
APEC은 역내의 안정과 번영의 달성을 위해 역내ㆍ세계 경제의 도전에 공동으로 대응하고, 역내 재화ㆍ용역ㆍ자본의 이동을 촉진하기 위한 무역ㆍ투자 장애 제거하는 일 등을 추진하고 있습니다.
특 징
1. 아ㆍ태 경제공동체의 점진적 달성 추구
장기적으로는 역내 무역ㆍ투자 자유화의 실현을 목표로 하며, 중ㆍ단기적으로는 무역활성화 조치와 함께 경제ㆍ기술분야의 협력증진을 추구합니다. 이를 통해 점진적으로 동아시아와 미주를 잇는 경제공동체를 달성하는데 목적이 있습니다.
2. 개방적 지역주의(Open Regionalism) 표방
아ㆍ태지역 내 무역자유화를 추진하되, 역외국에 대한 배타적인 지역주의는 지양하고자 합니다. 이에 APEC 역내 자유화 조치의 혜택을 역외국에 대해서도 상호주의에 입각하여 부여하고 있습니다.
3. 진화적 과정(Evolving Process)
창설 당시 아ㆍ태 협력의 기본원칙에 대해서만 합의한 뒤, 향후 운용해 나가는 과정에서 필요에 따라 탄력적으로 제도를 마련하고 기구를 확대해가고 있습니다.
4. 전원합의체(consensus)에 입각한 의사결정 과정
APEC 회원국들은 GDP 규모 및 경제구조, 역사ㆍ문화 등에 있어 여타 지역보다 많은 다양성을 보유하고 있기 때문에 APEC은 역내 각국들이 가지고 있는 다양성을 인정하는 토대 위에서 협력을 추구합니다. 이를 위해 전원합의체(consensus)에 의거한 의사결정 원칙을 이행하고 있습니다.
출범배경
1. 냉전체제가 종식되면서 세계질서는 경제적 이해관계를 중심으로 재편되는 과정에서 범세계주의(globalism)와 지역주의(regionalism)의 현상이 가장 두드러지게 발생하였습니다.
2. 특히 유럽연합(EU), 북미자유무역협정(NAFTA) 등 유럽과 북미의 지역주의의 심화현상이 가속화되면서 이러한 지역주의 협력체에 대응하고자 동아시아 지역을 포함하는 지역주의의 움직임이 시작되었습니다.
3. 태평양지역 경제협력을 위한 민간기구들의 노력이 계속되는 한편, 이러한 민간기구들의 한계를 극복하고 보다 실질적인 역내 경제협력을 도모하기 위해 정부간 경제협력기구를 구성하게 되었습니다.
4. APEC은 1989년 11월 호주 캔버라에서 아ㆍ태지역의 지속적인 경제성장과 공동의 번영을 위한 협의체로 출범하였고, 1993년 11월 시애틀에서 제1차 정상회의를 개최하게 되었습니다.
회원국 현황
회원국 : 총 21개국
시 기 가 입 국
창설(’89.11) 한국, 미국, 일본, 캐나다, 호주, 뉴질랜드, 아세안 6개국(태국, 말레이지아,
인도네시아, 싱가포르, 필리핀, 브루나이) : 12개국
제3차 각료회의(’91.11) 중국, 대만, 홍콩 : 3개국
제5차 각료회의(’93.11) 멕시코, 파푸아뉴기니(PNG) : 2개국
제6차 각료회의(’94.11) 칠레 : 1개국
제7차 각료회의(’98.11) 러시아, 베트남, 페루 : 3개국
※ 1997년 정상회의에서 향후 10년간(2007년 까지) 신규 회원국 가입 잠정 중단(Moratorium) 결정
※ 2007년 정상회의에서 2010년까지 신규 회원국 가입 잠정 중단(Moratorium) 추가 연장 합의
ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL CRIME COMMISSION (EFCC).
ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL CRIME COMMISSION (EFCC). EFCC in alliance with economic community of West African states (ECOWAS) with head Office here in Nigeria. We have been working towards the eradication of fraudsters and scam Artists in Western part of Africa With the help of United States Government and the United Nations.
We have been able to track down so many of this scam artist in various parts of west African countries which includes (NIGERIA, REPUBLIC OF BENIN, TOGO, GHANA CAMEROUN AND SENEGAL) and they are all in our custody here in Lagos Nigeria.
... government agency provides FAQ, EFCC cases and Most Wanted, ... In order to view this page you need a JavaScript enabled browser. ...
www.efccnigeria.org
CHAIRMAN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL CRIME COMMISSION
(EFCC) FOREIGN OPERATIONS DEPT, NIGERIA PLC,
LAGOS-NIGERIA.
We have been able to track down so many of this scam artist in various parts of west African countries which includes (NIGERIA, REPUBLIC OF BENIN, TOGO, GHANA CAMEROUN AND SENEGAL) and they are all in our custody here in Lagos Nigeria.
... government agency provides FAQ, EFCC cases and Most Wanted, ... In order to view this page you need a JavaScript enabled browser. ...
www.efccnigeria.org
CHAIRMAN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL CRIME COMMISSION
(EFCC) FOREIGN OPERATIONS DEPT, NIGERIA PLC,
LAGOS-NIGERIA.
2010년 2월 24일 수요일
2010년 2월 23일 화요일
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice
The Trust Fund was established in 1989 by the Secretary-General under the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations following consultations with the President of the International Court of Justice. In accordance with the Terms of Reference of the Fund, financial assistance is to be provided to States for expenses incurred in connection with (a) a dispute submitted to the International Court of Justice by way of special agreement or (b) the execution of a judgment of the Court resulting from such special agreement.
Terms of Reference, Guidelines and Rules
The Terms of Reference, Guidelines and Rules are annexed to the report: Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/47/444 of 7 October 1992)
Report
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Annex
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Latest Reports of the Secretary-General
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/64/308 of 18 August 2009)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/63/229 of 8 August 2008)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/62/171 of 31 July 2007)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/61/380 of 22 September 2006)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/60/330 of 2 September 2005)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/59/372 of 21 September 2004)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/58/295 of 28 August 2003)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/57/373 of 30 August 2002)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/56/456 of 10 October 2001)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Latest Award
Press release of 4 June 2004
- in English
- in French
Contact Information
For any additional information, please contact Ms. Tara Sarathy in the Office of the Legal Counsel, Office of Legal Affairs.
Telephone: + 1 212 963 5484; fax: + 1 212 963 6430
Updated on 26 August 2009
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (c) 2009
United Nations
The Trust Fund was established in 1989 by the Secretary-General under the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations following consultations with the President of the International Court of Justice. In accordance with the Terms of Reference of the Fund, financial assistance is to be provided to States for expenses incurred in connection with (a) a dispute submitted to the International Court of Justice by way of special agreement or (b) the execution of a judgment of the Court resulting from such special agreement.
Terms of Reference, Guidelines and Rules
The Terms of Reference, Guidelines and Rules are annexed to the report: Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/47/444 of 7 October 1992)
Report
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Annex
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Latest Reports of the Secretary-General
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/64/308 of 18 August 2009)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/63/229 of 8 August 2008)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/62/171 of 31 July 2007)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/61/380 of 22 September 2006)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/60/330 of 2 September 2005)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/59/372 of 21 September 2004)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/58/295 of 28 August 2003)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/57/373 of 30 August 2002)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General (A/56/456 of 10 October 2001)
- in Arabic
- in Chinese
- in English
- in French
- in Russian
- in Spanish
Latest Award
Press release of 4 June 2004
- in English
- in French
Contact Information
For any additional information, please contact Ms. Tara Sarathy in the Office of the Legal Counsel, Office of Legal Affairs.
Telephone: + 1 212 963 5484; fax: + 1 212 963 6430
Updated on 26 August 2009
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (c) 2009
United Nations
Financial assistance to parties
Financial assistance to parties
Secretary-General’s Trust Fund to assist States in the settlement of dispute through the International Court of justice
In 1989, with a view to encouraging States to submit their dispute to the Court, the Secretary-General of the United Nations set up a trust fund to provide them with financial assistance in certain circumstances. The fund is today open to States in all circumstances where the jurisdiction of the Court (or the admissibility of the application) is not or is no longer the subject of dispute on their part; a further purpose of the fund is to help States parties to a dispute to comply with the judgment rendered by the Court.
All related information about this fund is available on the United Nations' website : www.un.org/law/trustfund/trustfund.htm
Secretary-General’s Trust Fund to assist States in the settlement of dispute through the International Court of justice
In 1989, with a view to encouraging States to submit their dispute to the Court, the Secretary-General of the United Nations set up a trust fund to provide them with financial assistance in certain circumstances. The fund is today open to States in all circumstances where the jurisdiction of the Court (or the admissibility of the application) is not or is no longer the subject of dispute on their part; a further purpose of the fund is to help States parties to a dispute to comply with the judgment rendered by the Court.
All related information about this fund is available on the United Nations' website : www.un.org/law/trustfund/trustfund.htm
2010년 2월 17일 수요일
Retirement in Europe, the extension of the wind blowing, the French government after 28 years with the current retirement age limit raised to 60 years
Retirement in Europe, the extension of the wind blowing, the French government after 28 years with the current retirement age limit raised to 60 years old has decided on pension reform.
"Ahepeupe> (AFP) communications, etc.
The current retirement age of 60 murders and only slows down the pension reform plan prescribed by the French government has proposed and reported.
Pension payments and did not increase or reduce the pension receipts, receive a pension increase pay period is a period of reduced solution. France's pension deficit this year, 110 billion euros (about 17.3 trillion won), gross domestic product (GDP) of the drug is expected to reach 8.2%. Between 1945-1953 the retirement of baby boomers born in the nightmare of a worldwide recession with increasing unemployment due to the reduced pension napbuja Sarkozy also urged a decision. Since his election in 2012 originally as a pension reform has been hoping for rain check.
"Pro Gregoire de Lyon," the
"The president is an idiot.
French politics in the Himalayas, pension reform is to conquer, "he told reporters. Geumankeum, due to union opposition is expected to challenge.
In 1982 the French Socialist government led by President Francois Mitterrand in the 65-year-old age limit lowered to 60 years old when he got a pension modifications have been taboo.
Union side to afford to live euntoedwi receives a pension benefit that is opposed to slow. Workers is still high unemployment and suffering as recession saying 'should not give any more' is to.
You want to read.
Hupokpungyi financial crisis that hit countries of the European welfare of paradise 'quality of life' is a clean shot.
The French government and unions to extend the retirement age limit in the main content of the pension reforms are put face to face to face.
Retirement (停 年)
How old is she an age to stop working. Malyida the official retirement age prescribed by law.
"Our workers are deprived the right to retire at the age of 60 will not".
Barack Obama, U.S. President since 1979 and discontinued in 30 years to resume construction of nuclear power plants announced.
U.S. nuclear power expansion in the direction of energy policy teuleotda. 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear reactor leak in 30 years since construction stopped manyida. Barack Obama on May 16 "piece of the new NPP government will have a payment guarantee," he vowed to support the construction of nuclear power plants.
Barack Obama 16 (local time), Burke County, Georgia, for construction of new nuclear power plants by 8.3 billion U.S. dollars in government loan guarantees announced that it will do.
Barack Obama, U.S. President since 1979 and discontinued in 30 years to resume construction of nuclear power plants announced. Create jobs, reduce carbon emissions, such as that described CLAMPS homework's recent political crisis seems to be seungbusu of handling.
Re-construction of nuclear power plants in the United States said the radiation leak seurimailseom 0.1979 years to 30 years after the new construction is stopped. Power plants to ensure clean energy, creating jobs, addressing climate change bill is processed to catch the three rabbits is stone.
Energy source to cope with climate change, energy developed at the same time competition, above all, the U.S. relationship with the Republican plan to weigh naen report. Decided to support the construction of nuclear power plants. Has been investing heavily in nuclear energy sector. "Energy policy of one country will change and the effect is a guard. President Obama support the plan for the development of nuclear energy official announced. First week of Georgia, the reactor 2 GB In addition to be built, the government has decided to stand guarantee. the United States, according to press Barack Obama on May 16 (Reuters) raenhaemui a union training center in Maryland to visit Georgia to build a new nuclear plant in Burke County Government loan guarantees of 80 billion, said it supports. Georgia Burke Builder to build two nuclear reactors in tea gown business seodeonko power supplier (Southern Co) has been driven.
Nuclear power companies' shares are expected to lead to strong over time. Barack Obama for U.S. president in 30 years to build a nuclear power plant would resume balhinde year, the Philippines has been promoting the construction of a nuclear power plant, which is passed on the news.
Toshiba, Japan's biggest nuclear power construction firm plans to build nuclear power plants in the United States two months in the Tokyo stock market soared in the width is up to. America's core technology to build a new nuclear power plants in the U.S. Toshiba jibuin design because the power company Westinghouse.
2010년 2월 16일 화요일
Sign in or Register to Vancouver 2010
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2010년 2월 11일 목요일
The UN Development Group unites the 32 UN funds [http://unsystemceb.org/]
The UN Development Group unites the 32 UN funds [http://unsystemceb.org/]
The UN Development Group unites the 32 UN funds, programmes, agencies, departments, and offices that play a role in development. Our common objective is to deliver more coherent, effective and efficient support to countries seeking to attain internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.
What's New
Coordination Connection #47: Government of Tanzania’s bid for common country programme document draws strong support from UN member states
Report of the Secretary-General on follow-up to General Assembly resolution 63/311 on system-wide coherence
Guidance Note on Country Reporting on the MDGs
Synthesis of Resident Coordinator Annual Reports 2008
Discussion/Policy Networks
Coordination Practice Network (CPN)
Millennium Development Network (MDGnet)
The Practitioners Portal on HRBA
UNDG Policy Network for MD/MDGs
The UN Development Group unites the 32 UN funds, programmes, agencies, departments, and offices that play a role in development. Our common objective is to deliver more coherent, effective and efficient support to countries seeking to attain internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.
What's New
Coordination Connection #47: Government of Tanzania’s bid for common country programme document draws strong support from UN member states
Report of the Secretary-General on follow-up to General Assembly resolution 63/311 on system-wide coherence
Guidance Note on Country Reporting on the MDGs
Synthesis of Resident Coordinator Annual Reports 2008
Discussion/Policy Networks
Coordination Practice Network (CPN)
Millennium Development Network (MDGnet)
The Practitioners Portal on HRBA
UNDG Policy Network for MD/MDGs
2010년 2월 8일 월요일
What is the G-20
What is the G-20
The Group of Twenty (G-20) Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors was established in 1999 to bring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key issues in the global economy. The inaugural meeting of the G-20 took place in Berlin, on December 15-16, 1999, hosted by German and Canadian finance ministers.
Mandate
The G-20 is the premier forum for our international economic development that promotes open and constructive discussion between industrial and emerging-market countries on key issues related to global economic stability. By contributing to the strengthening of the international financial architecture and providing opportunities for dialogue on national policies, international co-operation, and international financial institutions, the G-20 helps to support growth and development across the globe.
Origins
The G-20 was created as a response both to the financial crises of the late 1990s and to a growing recognition that key emerging-market countries were not adequately included in the core of global economic discussion and governance. Prior to the G-20 creation, similar groupings to promote dialogue and analysis had been established at the initiative of the G-7. The G-22 met at Washington D.C. in April and October 1998. Its aim was to involve non-G-7 countries in the resolution of global aspects of the financial crisis then affecting emerging-market countries. Two subsequent meetings comprising a larger group of participants (G-33) held in March and April 1999 discussed reforms of the global economy and the international financial system. The proposals made by the G-22 and the G-33 to reduce the world economy's susceptibility to crises showed the potential benefits of a regular international consultative forum embracing the emerging-market countries. Such a regular dialogue with a constant set of partners was institutionalized by the creation of the G-20 in 1999.
Membership
The G-20 is made up of the finance ministers and central bank governors of 19 countries:
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
France
Germany
India
Indonesia
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Russia
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Republic of Korea
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States of America
The European Union, who is represented by the rotating Council presidency and the European Central Bank, is the 20th member of the G-20. To ensure global economic fora and institutions work together, the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the President of the World Bank, plus the chairs of the International Monetary and Financial Committee and Development Committee of the IMF and World Bank, also participate in G-20 meetings on an ex-officio basis. The G-20 thus brings together important industrial and emerging-market countries from all regions of the world. Together, member countries represent around 90 per cent of global gross national product, 80 per cent of world trade (including EU intra-trade) as well as two-thirds of the world's population. The G-20's economic weight and broad membership gives it a high degree of legitimacy and influence over the management of the global economy and financial system.
Achievements
The G-20 has progressed a range of issues since 1999, including agreement about policies for growth, reducing abuse of the financial system, dealing with financial crises and combating terrorist financing. The G-20 also aims to foster the adoption of internationally recognized standards through the example set by its members in areas such as the transparency of fiscal policy and combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism. In 2004, G-20 countries committed to new higher standards of transparency and exchange of information on tax matters. This aims to combat abuses of the financial system and illicit activities including tax evasion. The G-20 has also aimed to develop a common view among members on issues related to further development of the global economic and financial system.
To tackle the financial and economic crisis that spread across the globe in 2008, the G-20 members were called upon to further strengthen international cooperation. Since then, the concerted and decisive actions of the G-20 helped the world deal effectively with the current financial and economic crisis. The G-20 has already delivered a number of significant and concrete outcomes. For examples, it committed to implement the unprecedented and most coordinated expansionary macroeconomic policies, including the fiscal expansion of US$5 trillion and the unconventional monetary policy instruments; significantly enhance the financial regulations, notably by the establishment of the Financial Stability Board(FSB); and substantially strengthen the International Financial Institutions(IFIs), including the expansion of resources and the improvement of precautionary lending facilities of the IFIs.
Reflecting on these achievements and recognizing that more needs to be done to ensure a strong, sustained and balanced global recovery, the G-20 Leaders at Pittsburgh Summit designated the G-20 as the premier forum for international economic cooperation.
Chair
Unlike international institutions such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), IMF or World Bank, the G-20 (like the G-7) has no permanent staff of its own. The G-20 chair rotates between members, and is selected from a different regional grouping of countries each year. In 2010 the G-20 chair is the Republic of Korea, and in 2011 it will be France. The chair is part of a revolving three-member management Troika of past, present and future chairs. The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. The role of the Troika is to ensure continuity in the G-20's work and management across host years.
Former G-20 Chairs
1999-2001 Canada
2002 India
2003 Mexico
2004 Germany
2005 China
2006 Australia
2007 South Africa
2008 Brazil
2009 United Kingdom
Meetings and activities
It is normal practice for the G-20 finance ministers and central bank governors to meet once a year. The last meeting of ministers and governors was held in St. Andrews, UK on 6-7 November 2009. The ministers' and governors' meeting is usually preceded by two deputies' meetings and extensive technical work. This technical work takes the form of workshops, reports and case studies on specific subjects, that aim to provide ministers and governors with contemporary analysis and insights, to better inform their consideration of policy challenges and options.
2010 G-20 Events
Deputies Meeting, February 27-28, Korea. (Incheon Songdo)
Meeting of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, April 23-25, USA. (Washington, D.C)
Meeting of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, June, Korea. (Busan)
G-20 Summit Meeting, June 26-27, Canada. (Toronto)
Deputies Meeting, September, Korea. (Gwangju)
Meeting of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, October, USA. (Washington, D.C)
Meeting of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, N/A, Korea. (Gyeongju)
G-20 Summit Meeting, November 11-12, Korea (Seoul)
Interaction with other international organizations
The G-20 cooperates closely with various other major international organizations and fora, as the potential to develop common positions on complex issues among G-20 members can add political momentum to decision-making in other bodies. The participation of the President of the World Bank, the Managing Director of the IMF and the chairs of the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Development Committee in the G-20 meetings ensures that the G-20 process is well integrated with the activities of the Bretton Woods Institutions. The G-20 also works with, and encourages, other international groups and organizations, such as the Financial Stability Board and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, in progressing international and domestic economic policy reforms. In addition, experts from private-sector institutions and non-government organisations are invited to G-20 meetings on an ad hoc basis in order to exploit synergies in analyzing selected topics and avoid overlap.
External communication
The country currently chairing the G-20 posts details of the group's meetings and work program on a dedicated website. Although participation in the meetings is reserved for members, the public is informed about what was discussed and agreed immediately after the meeting of ministers and governors has ended. After each meeting of ministers and governors, the G-20 publishes a communiqué which records the agreements reached and measures outlined. Material on the forward work program is also made public.
The Group of Twenty (G-20) Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors was established in 1999 to bring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key issues in the global economy. The inaugural meeting of the G-20 took place in Berlin, on December 15-16, 1999, hosted by German and Canadian finance ministers.
Mandate
The G-20 is the premier forum for our international economic development that promotes open and constructive discussion between industrial and emerging-market countries on key issues related to global economic stability. By contributing to the strengthening of the international financial architecture and providing opportunities for dialogue on national policies, international co-operation, and international financial institutions, the G-20 helps to support growth and development across the globe.
Origins
The G-20 was created as a response both to the financial crises of the late 1990s and to a growing recognition that key emerging-market countries were not adequately included in the core of global economic discussion and governance. Prior to the G-20 creation, similar groupings to promote dialogue and analysis had been established at the initiative of the G-7. The G-22 met at Washington D.C. in April and October 1998. Its aim was to involve non-G-7 countries in the resolution of global aspects of the financial crisis then affecting emerging-market countries. Two subsequent meetings comprising a larger group of participants (G-33) held in March and April 1999 discussed reforms of the global economy and the international financial system. The proposals made by the G-22 and the G-33 to reduce the world economy's susceptibility to crises showed the potential benefits of a regular international consultative forum embracing the emerging-market countries. Such a regular dialogue with a constant set of partners was institutionalized by the creation of the G-20 in 1999.
Membership
The G-20 is made up of the finance ministers and central bank governors of 19 countries:
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
France
Germany
India
Indonesia
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Russia
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Republic of Korea
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States of America
The European Union, who is represented by the rotating Council presidency and the European Central Bank, is the 20th member of the G-20. To ensure global economic fora and institutions work together, the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the President of the World Bank, plus the chairs of the International Monetary and Financial Committee and Development Committee of the IMF and World Bank, also participate in G-20 meetings on an ex-officio basis. The G-20 thus brings together important industrial and emerging-market countries from all regions of the world. Together, member countries represent around 90 per cent of global gross national product, 80 per cent of world trade (including EU intra-trade) as well as two-thirds of the world's population. The G-20's economic weight and broad membership gives it a high degree of legitimacy and influence over the management of the global economy and financial system.
Achievements
The G-20 has progressed a range of issues since 1999, including agreement about policies for growth, reducing abuse of the financial system, dealing with financial crises and combating terrorist financing. The G-20 also aims to foster the adoption of internationally recognized standards through the example set by its members in areas such as the transparency of fiscal policy and combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism. In 2004, G-20 countries committed to new higher standards of transparency and exchange of information on tax matters. This aims to combat abuses of the financial system and illicit activities including tax evasion. The G-20 has also aimed to develop a common view among members on issues related to further development of the global economic and financial system.
To tackle the financial and economic crisis that spread across the globe in 2008, the G-20 members were called upon to further strengthen international cooperation. Since then, the concerted and decisive actions of the G-20 helped the world deal effectively with the current financial and economic crisis. The G-20 has already delivered a number of significant and concrete outcomes. For examples, it committed to implement the unprecedented and most coordinated expansionary macroeconomic policies, including the fiscal expansion of US$5 trillion and the unconventional monetary policy instruments; significantly enhance the financial regulations, notably by the establishment of the Financial Stability Board(FSB); and substantially strengthen the International Financial Institutions(IFIs), including the expansion of resources and the improvement of precautionary lending facilities of the IFIs.
Reflecting on these achievements and recognizing that more needs to be done to ensure a strong, sustained and balanced global recovery, the G-20 Leaders at Pittsburgh Summit designated the G-20 as the premier forum for international economic cooperation.
Chair
Unlike international institutions such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), IMF or World Bank, the G-20 (like the G-7) has no permanent staff of its own. The G-20 chair rotates between members, and is selected from a different regional grouping of countries each year. In 2010 the G-20 chair is the Republic of Korea, and in 2011 it will be France. The chair is part of a revolving three-member management Troika of past, present and future chairs. The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. The role of the Troika is to ensure continuity in the G-20's work and management across host years.
Former G-20 Chairs
1999-2001 Canada
2002 India
2003 Mexico
2004 Germany
2005 China
2006 Australia
2007 South Africa
2008 Brazil
2009 United Kingdom
Meetings and activities
It is normal practice for the G-20 finance ministers and central bank governors to meet once a year. The last meeting of ministers and governors was held in St. Andrews, UK on 6-7 November 2009. The ministers' and governors' meeting is usually preceded by two deputies' meetings and extensive technical work. This technical work takes the form of workshops, reports and case studies on specific subjects, that aim to provide ministers and governors with contemporary analysis and insights, to better inform their consideration of policy challenges and options.
2010 G-20 Events
Deputies Meeting, February 27-28, Korea. (Incheon Songdo)
Meeting of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, April 23-25, USA. (Washington, D.C)
Meeting of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, June, Korea. (Busan)
G-20 Summit Meeting, June 26-27, Canada. (Toronto)
Deputies Meeting, September, Korea. (Gwangju)
Meeting of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, October, USA. (Washington, D.C)
Meeting of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, N/A, Korea. (Gyeongju)
G-20 Summit Meeting, November 11-12, Korea (Seoul)
Interaction with other international organizations
The G-20 cooperates closely with various other major international organizations and fora, as the potential to develop common positions on complex issues among G-20 members can add political momentum to decision-making in other bodies. The participation of the President of the World Bank, the Managing Director of the IMF and the chairs of the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Development Committee in the G-20 meetings ensures that the G-20 process is well integrated with the activities of the Bretton Woods Institutions. The G-20 also works with, and encourages, other international groups and organizations, such as the Financial Stability Board and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, in progressing international and domestic economic policy reforms. In addition, experts from private-sector institutions and non-government organisations are invited to G-20 meetings on an ad hoc basis in order to exploit synergies in analyzing selected topics and avoid overlap.
External communication
The country currently chairing the G-20 posts details of the group's meetings and work program on a dedicated website. Although participation in the meetings is reserved for members, the public is informed about what was discussed and agreed immediately after the meeting of ministers and governors has ended. After each meeting of ministers and governors, the G-20 publishes a communiqué which records the agreements reached and measures outlined. Material on the forward work program is also made public.
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